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Controlling the transfer of biotechnology in the age of strategic competition
https://doi.org/10.34577/00005237
https://doi.org/10.34577/000052375eb646d2-26de-4364-8f8d-515dc7270865
| 名前 / ファイル | ライセンス | アクション |
|---|---|---|
Controlling the Transfer of Biotechnology in the Age of Strategic Competition (341.5 kB)
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| Item type | 紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paper(1) | |||||
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| 公開日 | 2023-04-07 | |||||
| タイトル | ||||||
| タイトル | Controlling the transfer of biotechnology in the age of strategic competition | |||||
| 言語 | en | |||||
| 言語 | ||||||
| 言語 | eng | |||||
| 資源タイプ | ||||||
| 資源タイプ識別子 | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 | |||||
| 資源タイプ | departmental bulletin paper | |||||
| ID登録 | ||||||
| ID登録 | 10.34577/00005237 | |||||
| ID登録タイプ | JaLC | |||||
| アクセス権 | ||||||
| アクセス権 | open access | |||||
| アクセス権URI | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 | |||||
| 著者 |
Tanaka, Kiwako
× Tanaka, Kiwako |
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| 抄録 | ||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||
| 内容記述 | This paper examines how countries are attempting to ensure strategic priority with regard to biotechnology, a key element in the era of strategic competition, and the impact of these efforts on the nonproliferation of biological weapons. In recent years, rapidly developing technologies in the life sciences have been classified as emerging technologies. While they contribute to the development of the medical and biotechnology industries, they also possess a dual-use nature which can have destructive effects on economic and social activities, as well as the environment if the same technologies are intentionally misused. In addition to the risk of misusing the technology itself, such technologies are also linked to the concern that public disclosure of the technology and research results could educate and empower malicious actors. Furthermore, the convergence of such research in the life sciences with other emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI) and additive manufacturing (AM), poses serious challenges to biological weapons control and biosecurity. These innovations are primarily driven by the private sector, making it difficult for governments to manage them. Most of these emerging technologies are transferred in intangible forms such as knowledge or digital information. This makes the management of funds for R&D or controlling intangible technology transfer an important issue.The management of such biotechnology, coupled with the management of technology in the strategic competition triggered by China’s rapid economic and military rise, has become a major policy agenda of economic statecraft for many states in the Global North. The international economic environment since the end of the Cold War has been one in which free trade is the basic rule, and the focus of export control has been on preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery through the establishment of multilateral export control regimes. In contrast, in strategic competition, governments increasingly use import and export controls to address supply chain vulnerabilities dealing with foreign components and applications on national security grounds. This paper provides an overview of how the US, China, the EU, and Japan have enacted or amended laws related to emerging technologies to address strategic competition. It elucidates how these states are seeking to manage intangible technology transfers in addition to their existing export controls that focus on goods, through the control of foreign direct investment and strengthening the control of person-to-person transfers nationally, known as deemed exports.The paper also argues that the current governance frameworks in the areas of biosecurity and biological weapons regulation do not provide effective control mechanisms for the integration of biotechnology with other emerging technologies, particularly AI and AM. For such mechanisms, it should be required to integrate the consideration of the role of research ethics and risk mitigation procedures in related research fields, as challenges are in the intangible technology transfer. This would include greater emphasis on raising awareness of potential weapons applications in universities, research institutions, and the DIY community, as well as strengthening industry compliance and due diligence standards. In conclusion, the paper suggests that there is a need to discuss the possibility of developing one or more global governance frameworks to address economic statecraft in strategic competition, while also taking into account the effective non-proliferation aspects. In this context, the current trends of economic statecraft that are focused on industrial policies, trade measures, and new FDI regulations in strategic competition, raise the question of how countries can work together on a multilateral basis to address the external consequences of such policies. | |||||
| 書誌情報 |
ja : 社会科学ジャーナル 号 90, p. 121-142, 発行日 2023-03-31 |
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| 出版者 | ||||||
| 出版者 | 国際基督教大学 | |||||
| 言語 | ja | |||||
| ISSN | ||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | ISSN | |||||
| 収録物識別子 | 04542134 | |||||
