@article{oai:icu.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000060,
 author = {Shani, Giorgio},
 issue = {76},
 journal = {社会科学ジャーナル},
 month = {Sep},
 note = {This article will attempt to provide a genealogy of security by examining the
transition from national to human security with reference to contemporary Japan
after the tragic events of March 11, 2011. It will be argued that the national
security doctrine, based on the assumptions that the state is the main referent
of security and is responsible for the protection of its citizens, continues to be
hegemonic in both the theory and practice of international relations. This will
be discussed with reference to Hobbes’s classic defence of sovereignty in the
Leviathan (1651). However, in recent years, it has been seen as unable to deal
with the plethora of challenges associated with globalization; global climate
change, international economic crises, transnational terrorism and crime, nuclear
proliferation, all challenge the capabilities of states individually and collectively
to provide security for their citizens. Consequently, attempts have been made
to “broaden and deepen” security by re-conceptualizing security as “human
security”. Both “narrow” and “broad” approaches to human security will be then
introduced before it will be argued that human security may be seen as a form
of “biopolitics” (Foucault, 2003, 2007, 2008). An attempt will then be made to
illustrate the argument with reference to Japan. Whereas the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and Japan International Cooperation Agency have both incorporated
“human security” into Japan’s Foreign Policy to differing degrees, the Japanese
state remains wedded to the national security doctrine and has been reluctant
to make human security a domestic priority after 3.11. In conclusion, it will be
argued that an explicit commitment to protecting and empowering all residents
of Japan will better serve Japan’s ‘national interest’ rather than a narrow focus
on defending territorial claims against her neighbours and regional trading
partners.},
 pages = {5--24},
 title = {From National to Human Security? Reflections on Post 3.11 Japan},
 year = {2013}
}