{"created":"2023-05-15T09:30:29.871692+00:00","id":1537,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"7befd867-bab1-4f1f-8728-f09eb19e2d80"},"_deposit":{"created_by":3,"id":"1537","owners":[3],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"1537"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:icu.repo.nii.ac.jp:00001537","sets":["12:26:19:253"]},"author_link":["5381","2709"],"item_1_alternative_title_5":{"attribute_name":"論文名よみ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_alternative_title":"Political Instability in Nepal: Examining the Roles of the Parties and Monarchy in the Second Democratic Period (1990-2002)"}]},"item_1_biblio_info_14":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"2012-03-31","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicIssueNumber":"73","bibliographicPageEnd":"170","bibliographicPageStart":"149","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"国際基督教大学学報. II-B, 社会科学ジャーナル"},{"bibliographic_title":"The Journal of Social Science","bibliographic_titleLang":"en"}]}]},"item_1_creator_6":{"attribute_name":"著者名(日)","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"Pathak , Surya Prasad"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"5381","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_1_creator_8":{"attribute_name":"著者名(英)","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"Pathak , Surya Prasad","creatorNameLang":"en"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"2709","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_1_description_1":{"attribute_name":"ページ属性","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"P(論文)","subitem_description_type":"Other"}]},"item_1_description_12":{"attribute_name":"抄録(英)","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"This paper has related two goals. First, it examines the root causes of the breakdown of democracy in Nepal, focuses on second democratic period (1990-2002), and second, it explores the future prospects of democracy in Nepal. In order to identify the problems of the breakdown of democracy in Nepal, this research draws upon interviews conducted in Nepal with politicians of the two largest parties in the second democratic period (1990-2002), the Nepali Congress and the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), an independent lawyer and a journalist in March 2011.\nThis research paper investigates the roles of the parties and monarchy on the democratic breakdown in Nepal and identified party factionalization, personal egoistic politics, and unaccountable leaders as having prime responsibility for political instability in Nepal and creating fertile ground for the monarchy to take over. On the other side, the monarchy, despite the acceptance of the constitutional monarch’s role always tried to gain total power and establish direct rule. Other intervening variables to consider in Nepal’s democratic trajectory, such as the Maoist insurgency and other non-institutional variables\nsuch as economic conditions, culture, and illiteracy, require further research.\nThe monarchy was replaced by a republic in 2008. However, state apparatuses such as the military, judiciary, police and bureaucracy still run in the traditional manner. These institutions were highly influenced by the monarch,\nparticularly the military. Therefore, civilian control of the military and reform of the other institutions are needed to forestall threats to democracy.\nThe other problem, party factionalization, can be addressed by designing and implementing a list proportional representation electoral system (PR) system. According to Lijphart (2004) the PR closed lists can encourage the formation and maintenance of strong and cohesive political parties (p. 101).\nThis research argues that the stability of democracy in Nepal depends on both economic developments and political institutions. Socioeconomic development can strengthen the country’s middle class, and a large middle class is good for democracy because it “tempers conflict by rewarding moderate and democratic parties and penalizing extremist groups” (Lipset, 1960, p. 51). While there is a great deal of debate among scholars about the relationship between economic development and democracy, this research considers this classic argument of Lipset and others as relevant in the context of contemporary Nepal.\nNepal is among the poorest countries in the world, with almost one quarter of its population living below the poverty line. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for three-fourths of the population and accounting for about one-third of the GDP. According to the United Nations Development Program (2004), there is an unequal distribution of land, so much so that in many areas it has resulted in the majority of the population being landless or semi-landless; over 37 percent of the land is in the hands of five percent. Equitable redistribution of resources such as land is likely to facilitate democratic transition because it would provide people with the resources to press the state for the expansion of political rights, and the state would have less reason to resist this pressure.\nOn the other side, power-sharing political institutions are important for Nepal. Lijphart (1999) and Norris (2008) have argued that power-sharing institutions are important for democracy in divided societies. Power-sharing institutions help to secure the inclusion of all groups in the state. Nepal is a multicultural country,\nand historically many people have been excluded and deprived of opportunity. Therefore to design the power sharing institutions is another task of Nepali politics.","subitem_description_type":"Other"}]},"item_1_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.34577/00001523","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_1_source_id_13":{"attribute_name":"雑誌書誌ID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"AN00088847","subitem_source_identifier_type":"NCID"}]},"item_1_text_3":{"attribute_name":"記事種別(英)","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_language":"en","subitem_text_value":"Article"}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2014-12-12"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"ICU_No73_07_Pathak.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"466.8 kB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_11","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"Political Instability in Nepal:Examining the Roles of the Parties and Monarchy in the Second Democratic Period (1990-2002)","url":"https://icu.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/1537/files/ICU_No73_07_Pathak.pdf"},"version_id":"c66d0233-5e1c-4de2-ac65-07555e532c37"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"eng"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"Political Instability in Nepal: Examining the Roles of the Parties and Monarchy in the Second Democratic Period (1990-2002)","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"Political Instability in Nepal: Examining the Roles of the Parties and Monarchy in the Second Democratic Period (1990-2002)","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_type_id":"1","owner":"3","path":["253"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2012-03-31"},"publish_date":"2012-03-31","publish_status":"0","recid":"1537","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["Political Instability in Nepal: Examining the Roles of the Parties and Monarchy in the Second Democratic Period (1990-2002)"],"weko_creator_id":"3","weko_shared_id":3},"updated":"2023-09-25T06:31:49.214322+00:00"}