{"created":"2023-05-15T09:30:27.114828+00:00","id":1475,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"4648efb0-e528-47ef-8ade-fbcf9dd56d1f"},"_deposit":{"created_by":3,"id":"1475","owners":[3],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"1475"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:icu.repo.nii.ac.jp:00001475","sets":["12:26:19:244"]},"author_link":["5614","2631"],"item_1_alternative_title_5":{"attribute_name":"論文名よみ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_alternative_title":"Occupying the \"Vacuum\" : Conflicting Interpretations of Christianity in Post-War Japan"}]},"item_1_biblio_info_14":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"2008-03","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicIssueNumber":"64","bibliographicPageEnd":"96","bibliographicPageStart":"67","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"国際基督教大学学報. II-B, 社会科学ジャーナル"},{"bibliographic_title":"The Journal of Social Science","bibliographic_titleLang":"en"}]}]},"item_1_creator_6":{"attribute_name":"著者名(日)","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"Elmendorf, Hilary"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"5614","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_1_creator_8":{"attribute_name":"著者名(英)","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"Elmendorf, Hilary","creatorNameLang":"en"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"2631","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_1_description_1":{"attribute_name":"ページ属性","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"P(論文)","subitem_description_type":"Other"}]},"item_1_description_12":{"attribute_name":"抄録(英)","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"American portrayals of the August 1945 end of the Pacific War often included an emphasis on the righteous defeat of Japan at the hands of the Christian, democratic U.S. As the U.S. began the Occupation of Japan under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), many Americans argued that American democracy remained unique - and triumphed in World War II - because of its intermingling of political and religious ideology. Indeed, MacArthur publicly announced his intentions to remake postwar Japan not only by establishing democracy in the formerly militaristic nation, but also by creating an environment in which Christian evangelists might convert large numbers of Japanese. To this end, MacArthur encouraged American missionaries to work distributing Bibles to the Japanese and eased restrictions on visiting the home islands for those involved in the Christianizing mission. As the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. transformed from wartime allies to ideological enemies during the early stages of the Cold War, Japan's position as a potential bulwark against Communism became all the more crucial for its Occupier, and discussions of democracy within Japan became even more grounded in debates over the role Christianity might play in fostering new political ideology. The foundation of International Christian University in Mitaka, Tokyo during the Occupation indicated the nuanced responses, on both sides of the Pacific, to fostering Christianity within postwar Japan. Moreover, the activism of its founders - including Ralph Diffendorfer, Charles Iglehart, and Luman Schafer - revealed counter-narratives to MacArthur's own interpretations of American Christianity's purpose in Japan. Some turned to Christianity as a way to resist both American justifications of the atomic bombings and MacArthur's administration of the Occupation. Even as MacArthur heralded the triumphs of American civilization and Christianity, a vocal minority aired concerns about the potential for renewed Western imperialism and lamented past blunders under the auspices of religion. Although MacArthur's own hopes to pair Christian evangelism with American democracy ultimately failed to take root in Japan, the activism of ICU's founders, and the university itself, revealed the far more nuanced interplay between political ideology, Christianity, and reconciliation. In spite of MacArthur's arguments to the contrary, post-war Japan was not a vacuum ready to be filled by purely American political or religious ideology; instead, as activists familiar with Japan realized, decades of contention regarding religion, imperialism, and war stood between the Occupation forces and the Japanese. Diffendorfer, Iglehart, Shafer, and other activists of the era advocated a Christian mission that included Japanese leadership and agency, that sought lasting peace between two former enemies, and that would indeed alter Japan's future without renewing Western imperialism. As the Occupation stretched on, political realities resulted in a compromise between personal goals and national objectives, a reality lamented by Iglehart when he noted that American churches supported renewed nationalism during the Cold War. Now past its fifth decade as an institution, ICU continues its crucial work in the field of peace studies. This legacy of active reconciliation between Japan and the U.S. serves as a reminder that neither the citizens of Occupied Japan nor activist American Christians were ready to accept all of MacArthur's claims about Japan's past or visions for Japan's future.","subitem_description_type":"Other"}]},"item_1_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.34577/00001461","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_1_source_id_13":{"attribute_name":"雑誌書誌ID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"AN00088847","subitem_source_identifier_type":"NCID"}]},"item_1_text_10":{"attribute_name":"著者所属(英)","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_language":"en","subitem_text_value":"Washington State University"}]},"item_1_text_2":{"attribute_name":"記事種別(日)","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"論説"}]},"item_1_text_3":{"attribute_name":"記事種別(英)","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_language":"en","subitem_text_value":"Article"}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2008-03-01"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"KJ00005095044.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"1.7 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_11","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"\tOccupying the \"Vacuum\" ー Conflicting Interpretations of Christianity in Post-War Japan ー ","url":"https://icu.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/1475/files/KJ00005095044.pdf"},"version_id":"bcfe7b1d-2881-4fe1-97a6-f1095c587764"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"eng"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"Occupying the \"Vacuum\" ー Conflicting Interpretations of Christianity in Post-War Japan ー","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"Occupying the \"Vacuum\" ー Conflicting Interpretations of Christianity in Post-War Japan ー","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_type_id":"1","owner":"3","path":["244"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2008-03-01"},"publish_date":"2008-03-01","publish_status":"0","recid":"1475","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["Occupying the \"Vacuum\" ー Conflicting Interpretations of Christianity in Post-War Japan ー"],"weko_creator_id":"3","weko_shared_id":3},"updated":"2023-09-25T06:36:03.650283+00:00"}